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Machine learning fundamental validation metrics
What is a validation metric? A validation metric is a formula we use during model validation to confront the model predictions with the actual output values. The choice of a…
Model validation: definition, examples and Python implementation
What is model validation? Model validation is the step that comes after training. During model validation, we evaluate the accuracy of our model by seeing how it performs with data…
Data in machine learning: collection, types and structure
In machine learning, we can identify data as a set of observations or measurements, called dataset, used to train and test a machine learning model. Data are crucial because artificial…
Bias and variance of a model
Bias and variance are 2 fundamental metrics to describe a model’s ability to resolve a problem. Let’s say we have a dataset like this one. We want to represent the…
Code linear regression from scratch in Python
In this article, I’ll show you how to program linear regression from scratch in Python using ONLY MATH. Let’s get started. Why is coding linear regression from scratch useful? When…
Linear regression: structure, training and Python code
What linear regression is Linear regression is a supervised machine-learning algorithm that fits a straight line to the input data to represent the relationship between x and y. Linear regression…
Code a decision tree from scratch in Python
In this article, we’ll learn how to program a decision tree from scratch in Python using ONLY MATH. Let’s get started. Why is building a decision tree from scratch useful?…
Code gradient descent from scratch in Python
In this article, I’ll show you how to program gradient descent from scratch in Python using ONLY MATH. Let’s get started. Why is coding gradient descent from scratch useful? When…
Gradient descent: mathematical background and formula explained
Disclaimer The gradient descent algorithm is based on the concept of the derivative of a function. Check this article before continuing. The gradient descent algorithm Gradient descent is a parameter…
Machine learning for everyone: how AI learns like humans
I began to hear about artificial intelligence with the boom of ChatGPT and other programs to generate images, text and audio. At that time I already had experience in programming,…